BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

The structure of change in international law or is there a hierarchy of norms in international law? / Weiler, J. H. H. ; Paulus, Andreas L.

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): European journal of international law [EJIL] = Journal européen de droit international : vol. 8; no. 4., p. 545-565. - München : C. H. Beck, 1997. - ISSN 00938-5428

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: The essays published in these pages form part of an ongoing symposium. The Institut des hautes études internationales and the European Journal of International Law convened a conference on `The Changing Structure of International Law Revisited' in March 1997, bringing together a group of European and American scholars, to discuss the current state of international law in the light of changes that have occurred, both on doctrinal and practical levels, in recent decades. The symposium identified four areas of investigation: The state between fragmentation and globalization; Is there a hierarchy of norms in international law?; Is international law moving towards criminalization?, and; Where does the international community stand? Papers on the first theme, with an avant propos by Charles Leben, appeared in EJIL volume 8, issue 3. The remaining parts will be published in the next two issues of the journal (volume 9, issue 1 and 2).

INDEX WORDS:
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens

NOTE (MEETINGS): Symposium : the changing structure of international law revisited (part 2)

URL http://www.ejil.org/

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Hierarchy in international law : a sketch / Koskenniemi, Martti

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): European journal of international law [EJIL] = Journal européen de droit international : vol. 8; no. 4., p. 566-528. - München : C. H. Beck, 1997. - ISSN 00938-5428

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: Geometry is the archetype of modern mind. The grid is its ruling trope ... Taxonomy, classification, inventory, catalogue and statistics are paramount strategies of modern practice. Modern mastery is the power to divide, classify and allocate - in thought, in practice, in the practice of thought and in the thought of practice. Paradoxically, it is for this reason that ambivalence is the main affliction of modernity and the most worrying of its concerns.2 Legal reason is a hierarchical form of reason, establishing relationships of inferiority and superiority between units and levels of legal discourse.3 Sometimes law's hierarchical character is elaborated as an essential aspect thereof. Classical and modern naturalisms, for instance, often conceptualize the law in terms of systemic derivations that assume the existence of relationships of entailment between normative units and levels. St Thomas Aquinas posits a many-layered structure of behavioural norms deriving from other norms, existing at progressively higher hierarchical levels.4 The naturalism of an argument in this respect (i.e., in respect of superior norms), however, is not dependent on its being an explicit part of naturalist theory. The concept of `fundamental', used in human rights law, as well as the ideas of jus cogens or imperative norms and rules valid in an erga omnes way each presuppose relationships of normative hierarchy that implicate some form of moral naturalism.5 Law's hierarchical character is by no means, however, only a naturalist credo. It is shared equally by its two main contestants, formalism and the social concept of law. The best-known example of the former is, of course, Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law. For Kelsen, what is specific to legal norms is that they enjoy a `validity' (in contrast to moral goodness or sociological effectiveness), which they receive by delegation from norms assumed to exist (or to be valid) at hierarchically higher levels. These latter norms, again, receive their validity in a similar way from norms at even higher levels ... and so on until we reach the basic norm whose validity can no longer be derived from normative delegation, but is a transcendental (or perhaps cultural) presupposition that must be made in order for what we know of the validity of other legal norms to be true.6

INDEX WORDS:
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* suveränitet = sovereignty = suvereniteetti
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* ECJ = ECJ = ECJ
* EU = EU = EU

NOTE (MEETINGS): Symposium : the changing structure of international law revisited (part 2)

NOTE (GENERAL): ICCPR; UN charter; Convention on the law of the sea;

URL http://www.ejil.org/

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

State immunity and fundamental human rights / Karagiannakis, Magdalini

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Leiden journal of international law : vol. 11; no. 1., p. 9-43. - Leiden : Leiden University. Faculty of Law, 1998 . - ISSN 0922-1565

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: Should state immunity from jurisdiction be denied to states that violate fundamental human rights in breach of international law? This article critically discusses three analytical approaches which can be used to answer the question at the level of international law. These approaches are derived from a review of principles of state immunity and fundamental human rights, including ius cogens. The article goes on to examine why the results dictated by these approaches at the level of international law may not be reflected by municipal legal systems, using US domestic statutes and case law as an example of how a domestic legal system has dealt with this question.

INDEX WORDS:
* immunitet = immunity = koskemattomuus
* grundläggande rättigheter = fundamental rights = perusoikeudet
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* jurisdiktion = jurisdiction = lainkäyttö
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes

NOTE (GENERAL): UDHR-8; Vienna convention on the law of treaties-53; UN charter-56; ICCPR-2;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: unpublished document

Förhållandet mellan GATT-avtalet och miljökonventioner som innehåller handelsbestämmelser / Peltonen, Mia, 103 p.. - Åbo : Åbo Akademi. Ekonomisk-statsvetenskapliga fakulteten, 1998.

LANGUAGE: SWE

INDEX WORDS:
* GATT = GATT = GATT
* WTO = WTO = WTO
* traktatkompetens = treaty-making competence = kelpoisuus solmia sopimuksia
* miljöskydd = environmental protection = ympäristönsuojelu
* internationell handel = international trade = kansainvälinen kauppa
* EG = EC = EY
* EFTA = EFTA = EFTA
* EU = EU = EU
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* NAFTA = NAFTA = NAFTA
* OAU = OAU = OAU
* OECD = OECD = OECD
* FN = UN = YK
* tolkning = interpretation = tulkinta
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes

NOTE (THESIS): Avhandling pro gradu i folkrätt (master's thesis), 1997

NOTE (GENERAL): Rio declaration; African convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources; Vienna Convention on the law of treaties; Convention on conservation of North Pacific fur seals; Convention on nature protection and wild life preservation in the Western Hemisphere;

LIBRARY LOCATION: IMR

SHELF CODE: avhandlingar

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

The law of treaties / McNair, Lord. - repr.., xxi, 789 p.. - Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1998.

ISBN 0-19-825152-1

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* PCIJ = PCIJ = PCIJ
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* suveränitet = sovereignty = suvereniteetti
* nationella domstolar = national courts = kansalliset tuomioistuimet
* ratificering = ratification = ratifiointi
* reservationer = reservations = varaumat
* allmän ordning = public order = yleinen järjestys
* tolkning = interpretation = tulkinta
* ILO = ILO = ILO
* utlämning = extradition = luovuttaminen
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* erkännande av stat = recognition of state = valtion tunnustaminen
* slaveri = slavery = orjuus

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Finland / Alaska / Australia / belgium / Cyprus / Ceylon / France / Greenland / Denmark / India / Israel / Ireland / Iraq / Ionian Islands / Jordan / Malaya / Newfoundland / New Zealand / Nigeria / South Africa / Pakistan / United Kingdom / Singapore / Switzerland / Suez Canal / South Africa / USA

LOCAL GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Aaland Islands

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter; Covenant of League of Nations; Ihlen declaration; ECHR; Geneva conventions; Hague conventions; Magna carta; Atlantic charter;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Is international law moving towards criminalization? / Meron, Theodor

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): European journal of international law [=EJIL] : vol. 9; no. 1., p. 18-31. - Firenze : European University Institute, 1998. - ISSN 0938-5428

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: 1 Introduction Comparing the present state of international law, as it stands on the eve of the twenty-first century, with the vision elaborated by Wolfgang Friedmann in his ground-breaking book published more than thirty years ago, The Changing Structures of International Law, is indeed an undertaking of great interest. The question of whether international law is moving towards criminalization is a vast subject. Within the scope of this paper I inevitably shall have to use a broad brush to sketch my view of the situation, an assignment that makes me uncomfortable because I will necessarily have to recall some points which are well known to readers. The still fluid state of discussions about the subject-matter jurisdiction of the proposed international criminal court further complicates my task. Friedmann wrote that there has `[a]lways been an "international criminal law" of modest and ill-defined proportions'2 and that the only recognized crimes were piracy jure gentium, and war crimes. As a result, Friedmann wondered whether the crimes stated in the Nuremberg Charter, other than genocide, would become part of universal criminal law.3 He recognized, however, that the Nuremberg Charter's influence would extend international crimes by establishing individual responsibility for certain internationally recognized offences, such as murder, deportation and the planning, preparation and initiation or waging of a war of aggression.4 Thus, he was able to foresee that such individual responsibility would exercise a strong influence over the legal responsibility of states and governments.5 Friedmann's discussion of the possibilities for extending international criminal offences beyond political state action proves equally interesting. In his opinion, such a broadening of international criminal law would depend both on the general principles of criminal law recognized by civilized nations and on the extent to which such offences are accepted in the criminal laws of the various nations.6 In discussing new offences, especially in the economic arena, Friedmann recognized the growing extraterritorial aspects of such crimes as, for example, violations of anti-trust legislation.7 Beyond these normative considerations, Friedmann's writings examined the institutional arena as well. His prediction that expanding international law would ultimately require the creation of an international criminal court8 is now being realized through the United Nations discussions.

INDEX WORDS:
* internationella tribunalen för krigsförbrytelser = international tribunal on war crimes = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* statsansvar = state responsibility = valtiovastuu
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* krigsförbrytelser = war crimes = sotarikokset
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö

NOTE (MEETINGS): Symposium : the changing structure of international law

NOTE (GENERAL): Hague convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict; Chemical weapons convention; Geneva conventions; Nuremberg charter;

URL http://www.ejil.org/

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Peace-keeping and peace-enforcement in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina / Weller, Marc

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches und Völkerrecht [=ZaöRV] : 56/1-2., p. 70-177. - Heidelberg : Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 1996 . - ISSN 0044-2348

LANGUAGE: GER

INDEX WORDS:
* fredsbevarande styrkor = peace-keeping forces = rauhanturvajoukot
* verkställande = enforcement = voimaansaattaminen
* specialrapportör = special rapporteur = erityisraportoija
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* Säkerhetsrådet = Security Council = Turvallisuusneuvosto
* användning av maktmedel = use of force = voimakeinojen käyttö
* WEU = WEU = WEU
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* humanitär hjälp = humanitarian aid = humanitaarinen apu
* resolutioner = resolutions = päätöslauselmat
* massaker = massacre = verilöyly

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Bosnia-Herzegovina / Former Yugoslavia

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter; Dayton peace agreement;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Caught in conflicts : civilian victims, humanitarian assistance and international law / Sandvik-Nylund, Monika, ix, 153 p.. - Åbo : Åbo Akademi University. Institute for Human Rights, 1998.

ISBN 952-12-0207-6

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* humanitär rätt = humanitarian law = humanitaarinen oikeus
* humanitär hjälp = humanitarian aid = humanitaarinen apu
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* hunger = famine = nälkiintyminen
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* rätt till liv = right to life = oikeus elämään
* rätt till föda = right to food = oikeus ravintoon
* rätt till hälsa = right to health = oikeus terveyteen
* tortyr = torture = kidutus
* suveränitet = sovereignty = suvereniteetti
* implementation = implementering = toteuttaminen
* verkställande = enforcement = voimaansaattaminen
* fred och säkerhet = peace and security = rauha ja turvallisuus
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* UNHCR = UNHCR = UNHCR
* WHO = WHO = WHO
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* NGO = NGO = NGO

NOTE (THESIS): Based on master's thesis in public international law : Humanitarian assistance and international law : ensuring the survival of civilians in armed conflicts

NOTE (GENERAL): AMR; ICCPR; ICESCR; ECHR Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions;

URL http://www.abo.fi/instut/imr/

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink : the urgency of transnational solutions to international Riparian disputes / Graffy, Colleen P.

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): The Georgetown international environmental law review : 1998 focus issue : The role of international environmental law in the changing structure of international law : vol. 10; issue 2 (Winter 1998)., p. 399-440. - New Jersey, N.W. : Georgetown University Law Center, 1998. - ISSN 1042-1858

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* naturtillgångar = natural resources = luonnonvarat
* kontroll över naturtillgångar = natural resources control = luonnonvarojen valvonta
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* miljöskydd = environmental protection = ympäristönsuojelu

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Hungary / Slovakia

NOTE (GENERAL): Watercourse treaty; UN charter; Biodiversity convention; Climate change convention;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Recalcitrant reality and chosen ideals : the public function of dispute settlement in international environmental law / Craik, A. Neil

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): The Georgetown international environmental law review : 1998 focus issue : The role of international environmental law in the changing structure of international law : vol. 10; issue 2 (Winter 1998)., p. 551-580. - New Jersey, N.W. : Georgetown University Law Center, 1998. - ISSN 1042-1858

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* miljöskydd = environmental protection = ympäristönsuojelu
* GATT = GATT = GATT
* WTO = WTO = WTO
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* allmän talerätt = actio popularis = actio popularis
* NGO = NGO = NGO
* fredlig lösning av tvister = dispute settlement = riitaisuuksien rauhanomainen selvittäminen

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

Customary international law in the United States : clean and dirty laundry / Paust, Jordan J.

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: German yearbook of international law [GYIL] : 1997 : vol. 40 / Delbrück, J.; Hofmann, R. (eds.), p. 78-116. - Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1998. - ISSN 0344-3094

ISBN 3-428-09590-1

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* grundlag/författning = constitution = perustuslaki/valtiosääntö
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* inkorporering = incorporation = yhdistäminen
* PCIJ = PCIJ = PCIJ
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* utlämning = extradition = luovuttaminen
* dödsstraff = death penalty = kuolemanrangaistus

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: USA / Canada

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter; Geneva conventions; Refugee convention; ICCPR-7;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

Treaties in the legal system of Russia / Lukashuk, Igor I.

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: German yearbook of international law [GYIL] : 1997 : vol. 40 / Delbrück, J.; Hofmann, R. (eds.), p. 141-163. - Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 1998. - ISSN 0344-3094

ISBN 3-428-09590-1

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* lagstiftning = legislation = lainsäädäntö
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* grundlag/författning = constitution = perustuslaki/valtiosääntö
* författningsdomstol = constitutional court = valtiosääntötuomioistuin
* strafflag = criminal law = rikoslaki

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Russian Federation / CIS states

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter; ICESCR; Vienna convention on the law of treaties; CEDAW;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

Improving of the administration of justice in the America / Fried, Johnatan T.

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: Revista IIDH : 22, p. 65-172. - San José, C. R. : Instituto Interamericano de Derechos, 1996. - ISSN 1015-5074

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* jurister = lawyers = lakimiehet
* lagstiftning = legislation = lainsäädäntö
* grundlag/författning = constitution = perustuslaki/valtiosääntö
* oberoende domare = independent judges = riippumattomat tuomarit
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* specialrapportör = special rapporteur = erityisraportoija

NOTE (GENERAL): ADRD; French declaration of ther ights and duties of man; Canadian charter of rights and freedoms; AMR; OAS charter;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

The German border guard cases and international human rights / Geiger, Rudolf

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): European journal of international law [=EJIL] : vol. 9; no. 3., p. 540-550. - Firenze : European University Institute, 1998. - ISSN 0938-5428

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: The German Border Guard Cases and International Human Rights The German Border Guard Cases and International Human Rights Rudolf Geiger*1 Abstract After the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 the German courts were required to deal with charges of homicide against GDR border guards who had killed fugitives trying to escape over the Berlin Wall or across the border separating East from West Germany. According to the Unification Treaty, the law relevant to crimes committed on GDR territory prior to the date of unification was the criminal law of the GDR, unless the law of the Federal Republic of Germany was more favourable to the defendant. Thus, defendants invoked GDR law to establish that their actions had been lawful and could not be held to be criminal. This article demonstrates how international human rights were brought into play by the courts in arguing that the laws of the GDR had to yield to a higher law. It also refers to the reasoning of the Federal Constitutional Court when it addressed the question of ex post facto laws. There the Court's arguments remained exclusively within the sphere of German constitutional law. It is contended that the Court's reasoning would have been more convincing had it also taken into account in this instance the relevant provisions of international human rights instruments. 1 Introduction The reunification of Germany, which came about through the accession of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) to the Federal Republic of Germany on 3 October 1990,2 entailed specific legal problems that were posed by the continuing effects of the defunct socialist regime. In order to resolve these problems, the annexes to the Unification Treaty contain, inter alia, elaborate lists of rules which modify the entry into force of the laws of the Federal Republic in the territory of the former GDR. In criminal matters the Unification Treaty provided that the law applicable to acts committed in GDR territory prior to the date of unification continued to be the criminal law of the GDR, unless in individual cases the criminal law of the Federal Republic was more favourable to the defendant.3 This approach did not create any substantial problems in cases of `ordinary' crimes, such as theft, robbery or murder committed by private persons. But the situation proved to be quite different for cases of so-called `government criminality', where GDR officials or soldiers committed acts that were held to be lawful or were even legally required in the GDR legal system as practised at that time but were considered serious crimes in West German law. An important example of such government criminality came to light with the border guard cases. In these cases the courts were required to deal with the objections put forward by defendants that GDR law had indeed provided justification for their actions and that it should consequently be applied in their cases. In dealing with these objections, the courts, inter alia, referred to the infringement of international human rights by the GDR practices. In this way, they made use of new ways in which international human rights standards could arguably have effects in the domestic order of a state. 1 * Professor of Law, University of Leipzig, Otto-Schill-Strasse 2, D-04109 Leipzig, Germany. 2 Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic on the Establishment of German Unity (`Unification Treaty') of 31 August 1990; English version in 30 ILM (1991) 457.

INDEX WORDS:
* återförening = reunification = yhdistäminen
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* författningsdomstol = constitutional court = valtiosääntötuomioistuin
* reservationer = reservations = varaumat

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Germany

NOTE (GENERAL): ICCPR; ECHR;

URL http://www.ejil.org/

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Compensations for Japan's world war II war-rape victioms / Parker, Karen ; Chew, Jennifer F.

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Hastings international & comparative law journal : vol. 17; 497., p. 497-549., 1994.

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* sexslavar = sex slaves = seksiorjat
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* krigsförbrytelser = war crimes = sotarikokset
* våldtäkt = rape = raiskaus
* prostitution = prostitution = prostituutio
* arbetsförhållanden = working conditions = työolosuhteet
* sexuellt utnyttjande = sexual abuse = seksuaalinen hyväksikäyttö
* tvångsarbete = forced labour = pakkotyö
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* skadestånd = compensation = vahingonkorvaus

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Korea / Japan

NOTE (GENERAL): Slavery convention; Hague conventions; Convention no. 29 concerning forced labour; Convention for the suppression of the white slave traffic; Convention for the suppression of the traffic in women and children; UN charter; UDHR; Geneva conventions;

LIBRARY LOCATION: ÅAB, HeinOline Law Journal Library

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

No-fly-zones / Stein, Torsten

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: Israel yearbook on human rights : vol. 27 / Dinstein, Y.; Domb, F. (eds.), p. 193-214. - Dordrecht : Kluwer, 1998. - ISSN 0333-5925

ISBN 90-411-1092-5

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* Säkerhetsrådet = Security Council = Turvallisuusneuvosto
* gulfkriget = Gulf-war = Persianlahden sota
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* verkställande = enforcement = voimaansaattaminen
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Bosnia-Herzegovina

NOTE (GENERAL): Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; Chicago convention; UN charter;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: unpublished document

From human capital to human rights : the human rights obligations of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund / Skogly, Sigrun I., v, 320 p.. - Oslo : University of Law. Faculty of Law, 2000.

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. 1. Introduction. 2. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund : history, structure and policy evolution. 3. Methodology and sources of law. 4.'Rights' and 'obligations' : practical implications and clarification of use. 5. The World Bank and the IMF's relationship to international law. 6. The World Bank and the IMF's relationship to international human rights law. 7. Sources of international human rights obligations. 8. The institutions' human rights obligations. 9. Possible avenues for redress or reparation. 10. Conclusions.

INDEX WORDS:
* Världsbanken = World Bank = Maailmanpankki
* IMF = IMF = IMF
* fredlig lösning av tvister = dispute settlement = riitaisuuksien rauhanomainen selvittäminen
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* internationell sedvanerätt = customary international law = kansainvälinen tapaoikeus
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* inskränkningar = limitations = rajoitukset
* rätt till utveckling = right to development = oikeus kehitykseen
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* kommissionen för de mänskliga rättigheterna (FN) = Commission on Human Rights (UN) = ihmisoikeustoimikunta (YK)
* CESCR Committee = CESCR Committee = CESCR Committee
* rätt till undervisning = right to education = oikeus opetukseen
* u-länder = developing countries = kehitysmaat
* u-hjälp = development aid = kehitysapu
* utvecklingssamarbete = development co-operation = kehitysyhteistyö
* rätt till föda = right to food = oikeus ravintoon
* kommittén för de mänskliga rättigheterna (FN) = Human Rights Committee (UN) = ihmisoikeuskomitea (YK)
* implementering = implementation = toteuttaminen
* ekonomiska, sociala och kulturella rättigheter = economic, social and cultural rights = TSS-oikeudet
* medborgerliga och politiska rättigheter = civil and political rights = kansalaisoikeudet ja poliittiset oikeudet

NOTE (THESIS): Dr.iur, Oslo University, Faculty of Law, 2000, [T]

NOTE (GENERAL): UDHR; ICCPR; ICESCR; UN charter; Limburg principles; GC(no.2); ECHRP-2-1; Protocol of San Salvador; HAS BEEN PUBLISHED UNDER THE TITLE "The human rights obligations of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund"

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

The genocide case, the law of treaties and state succession / Craven, Matthew

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: The British year book of international law 1997 : no. 68 / Brownlie, I.; ... [et al.], p. 127-164. - Oxford : Oxford U. P., 1998.

ISBN 0-19-826086-5

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* statssuccession = state succession = valtioseuraanto
* WHO = WHO = WHO
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* PCIJ = PCIJ = PCIJ

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Bosnia-Herzegovina / Hungary / Czech Republic / Slovak Republic

NOTE (GENERAL): Genocide convention; Vienna convention on the law of treaties; UN charter; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; Vienna convention on state succession;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

Rotusyrjintä / Kortteinen, Juha

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: Encyclopedia iuridica fennica : suomalainen oikeustietosanakirja : 6. osa / Wirilander, J. (puh. joht.) ... [et al.] - ( Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistyksen julkaisuja : C-sarja ; no. 29), p. 760-766. - Helsinki : Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys, 1998. - ISSN 0356-7222

ISBN 951-855-141-3

LANGUAGE: FIN

INDEX WORDS:
* icke-diskriminering = non-discrimination = syrjintäkielto
* rasdiskriminering = racial discrimination = rotusyrjintä
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* nationella minoriteter = national minorities = kansalliset vähemmistöt
* strafflag = criminal law = rikoslaki
* lagstiftning = legislation = lainsäädäntö

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Finland

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter-1; CERD

LIBRARY LOCATION: Privaträtt

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Custom, power and the power of rules : international relations and customary international law / Byers, Michael, xxii, 250 p.. - Cambridge : Cambridge U. P., 1999.

ISBN 0-521-63408-3

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: The parts are: 1. An interdisciplinary perspective. 2. International law and the application of power. 3. The process of customary international law.

INDEX WORDS:
* aggression = aggression = aggressio
* utlänningar = aliens/non-citizens = ulkomaalaiset
* inbördeskrig = civil war = sisällissota
* apartheid = apartheid = rotusorto
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* EU = EU = EU
* feminism = feminism = naisasialiike
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* humanitär intervention = humanitarian intervention = humanitaarinen interventio
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* internationell straffrätt = international criminal justice = kansainvälinen rikosoikeus
* internationella brott = international crimes = kansainväliset rikkomukset
* nationella domstolar = national courts = kansalliset tuomioistuimet
* naturrätt = natural law = luonnonoikeus
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* kärnvapenprov = nuclear test = ydinkoe
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* OECD = OECD = OECD
* statsansvar = state responsibility = valtiovastuu
* tortyr = torture = kidutus
* kommittén för de mänskliga rättigheterna (FN) = Human Rights Committee (UN) = ihmisoikeuskomitea (YK)
* WTO = WTO = WTO

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Succession of states / Mrak, Mojmir (ed.) - (Developments in international law ; vol. 33), xxi, 218 p.. - Hague : Martinus Nijhoff publ., 1999.

ISBN 90-411-1145-X

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: The chapters are:. 1. Recognition of states and its (non-) implication on state succession : the case of successor states to the Former Yugoslavia, by Mirjam Skrk. 2. Diagreements over the definition of state property in the process of state succession to the Former Yugoslavia, by Vladimir-Djuro Degan. 3. Equity and equitable principles in the law of state succession, by Wladyslaw Czaplinski. 4. Matters of state succession in the World Bank's practice, by Ibrahim F. I. Shihata. 5. Questions of state identity and state succession in eastern and Central Europe, by Hanna Bokor-Szego. 6. The dissolution of Czechoslovakia and succession in respect of treaties, by Vaclav Mikulka. 7. Austria and Slovenia : succession to bilateral treaties and the state treaty of 1955, by Gerhard Hafner. 8. Succession of states in respect of citizenship : the case of the Former SFRY, by Todor Dzunov. 9. Succession to the Former Yugoslavia's external debt : the case of Slovenia, by Mojmir Mrak. 10. Succession to the archives of the Former SFR Yugoslavia, by Marija Oblak-Carni, Borut Bohte. 11. Fundamental controversies in succession to the Former SFR Yugoslavia

INDEX WORDS:
* ESK/KSSE = CSCE = ETYK
* EG = EC = EY
* EU = EU = EU
* FAO = FAO = FAO
* GATT = GATT = GATT
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* ILO = ILO = ILO
* aggression = aggression = aggressio
* medborgarskap = citizenship = kansalaisuus
* grundlag/författning = constitution = perustuslaki/valtiosääntö
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* internationell sedvanerätt = customary international law = kansainvälinen tapaoikeus
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* erkännande av stat = recognition of state = valtion tunnustaminen
* suveränitet = sovereignty = suvereniteetti
* statslösa personer = stateless persons = valtiottomat henkilöt
* statssuccession = state succession = valtioseuraanto
* Världsbanken = World Bank = Maailmanpankki

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Australia / Austria / Estonia / Latvia / Lithuania / Armenia / Belarus / Belgium / Burundi / Canada / China / Croatia / Costa Rica / Cyprus / Czech Republic / Denmark / Egpyt / Finland / Macedonia / Georgia / Greece / Greenland / Hungary / India / Japan / Serbia / Montenegro / Libya / Macedonia / Malawi / Malta / Malaysia / Marocco / Mexico / Moldavia / Netherlands / New Zealand / Rhodesia / Norway / Pakistan / Philippines / Poland / Portugal / Korea / Romania / Russian Federation / Rwanda / Slovakia / Slovenia / Spain / Sweden / Switzerland / Syria / Tunisia / Turkey / Turkmenistan / Ukraine / Viet Nam / Yemen / Zambia / Zimbabwe

LOCAL GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Kosovo

NOTE (GENERAL): Alma-Ata declaration; Dayton agreement; Danube convention; Declaration of principles of international law; ECPT; ECHR; European conventionon the suppression of terrorism; ESC; Genocide convention; Manila declaration; Peace treaty with Italy; Vienna convention on the law of treaties; Vienna convention on succession of states in respect of treaties; UN charter;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Reflections on international law from the low countries in honour of Paul de Waart / Denters, Erik (ed.) ; Schrijver, Nico (ed.), xix, 507 p.. - Hague : Martinus Nijhoff publ., 1998.

ISBN 90-411-0503-4

LANGUAGE: ENg

INDEX WORDS:
* globalisering = globalization = globalisaatio?
* hållbar utveckling = sustainable development = kestävä kehitys
* människovärde = human dignity = ihmisarvo
* miljöskydd = environmental protection = ympäristönsuojelu
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* implementering = implementation = toteuttaminen
* tolkning = interpretation = toteuttaminen
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna = European Court of Human Rights = Euroopan ihmisoikeustuomioistuin
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens

NOTE (GENERAL): UDHR; UN charter; CEDAW; ICCPR; ICESCR; Rio declaration; Stockholm declaration;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

UN Security Council reform and the right of veto : a constitutional perspective / Fassbender, Bardo - (Legal aspects of international organization ; vol. 32), xii, 421 p.. - Hague : Kluwer, 1998.

ISBN 90-411-0592-1

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: Introduction:. I. The structure of our argument. II. Council reform and its context. PART 1. FOUNDATIONS : The right of veto as part of the constitution of the international community:. Chapter 1: 'Constitution' and its association with the modern state. Chapter 2 : The transfer of the constitutional idea to the sphere of international law : different approaches. I. Alfred Verdross and his school. II. The New Haven School. III. The doctrine of international community. IV. Constructivism. Chapter 3. The international community and its constitution. Chapter 4 : The UN chapter as a constitution. Chapter 5 : Conceptual distinctions. Chapter 6 : Consequences. PART 2: Reform : the future of the right of veto and the structure of the Security Council. Chapter 7 : The current legal status of article 27 of the UN charter. Chapter 8 : Premises of reform. Chapter 9 : Present proposals for a reform of the Security Council. Chapter 10. A constitutional right of veto.

INDEX WORDS:
* apartheid = apartheid = rotusorto
* OAU = OAU = OAU
* OAS = OAS = OAS
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* inkorporering = incorporation = yhdistäminen
* suveränitet = sovereignty = suvereniteetti
* grundlag/författning = constitution = perustuslaki/valtiosääntö
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* självförsvar = self-defence = itsepuolustus
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* val = elections = vaalit
* internationella brottmålsdomstolen = international criminal court (ICC) = kansainvälinen rikostuomioistuin
* internationella tribunalen för krigsförbrytelser = international tribunal on war crimes = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* rådgivande yttrande = advisory opinion = neuvoa-antava mielipide
* landminor = landmines = maamiinat
* NF = LN = KL
* non-intervention = non-intervention = puuttumattomuusperiaate
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Austria / Brazil / China / Ecuador / France / Germany / Greece / Italy / Norway / Portugal / Korea / South Africa / Spain / Switzerland / Turkey / USA

NOTE (GENERAL): Genocide convention; UN charter; OAU charter; Covenant of the League of Nations; French declaration on the rights of man and citizen; EC treaty; ECHR; Geneva conventions; ICCPR; ICESCR; Vienna convention on diplomatic relations; Vienna convention on succession of states in repect of treaties; Convention on the law of treaties; Vienna convention on the law of treaties between states and international organizations; An agenda for peace; OAS charter; Charter of Paris; Dayton peace agreement; Declaration on friendly relations; Charter of economic rights and duties of states; Draft statute for an international criminal court;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Counter-claims and obligations erga omnes before the International Court of Justice / Lopes Pegna, Olivia

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): European journal of international law [=EJIL] : vol. 9; no. 4., p. 724-736. - Firenze : European University Institute, 1998. - ISSN 0938-5428

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: In December 1997 the International Court of Justice issued an order, for the first time, allowing a counter-claim. The Court found that the counter-claim submitted by Yugoslavia in the case concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was admissible under Article 80 para. 1 of the Rules. This raised the question whether a counter-claim may be presented in a case concerning the violation of an erga omnes obligation. The nature of counter-claims and their admissibility are analysed in this comment in relation to such cases. It is argued that counter-claims should be admitted before the Court only if built on defences on the merits and if strictly connected with the merits of the case in which they are raised. The author concludes that these conditions for the admissibility of a counter-claim cannot be fulfilled when the violation of an erga omnes obligation is alleged. The defensive character cannot be maintained as the Respondent State cannot invoke a previous violation of its rights committed by the Applicant in order to justify conduct that infringes an erga omnes obligation. Furthermore, connection in fact and in law is also lacking.

INDEX WORDS:
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* PCIJ = PCIJ = PCIJ
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens

NOTE (GENERAL): Genocide convention;

URL http://www.ejil.org/

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

The law and procedure of the International Court of Justice 1960-1989 (part seven) / Thirlway, Hugh

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: The British year book of international law 1995 : no. 66 / Brownlie, I. ... [et al.], p. 1-96. - Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1996.

ISBN 0-19-825882-8

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* suveränitet = sovereignty = suvereniteetti
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* jurisdiktion = jurisdiction = lainkäyttö
* statsansvar = state responsibility = valtiovastuu
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* rådgivande yttrande = advisory opinion = neuvoa-antava mielipide
* självbestämmanderätt = self-determination = itsemääräämisoikeus
* självförsvar = self-defence = itsepuolustus

NOTE (GENERAL): Chicago convention on civil aviation; Geneva convention on the territorial sea; OAS charter; Vienna conventions on diplomatic and consular relations; Montego bay convention;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Changing the approach to ending child labor : an international solution to an international problem / Glut, Timothy A.

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Vanderbilt journal of transnational law : vol. 28(5)., p. 1203-1244. - Nashville, TN, 1995. - ISSN 0090-2594

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* barnarbete = child labour = lapsityö
* internationella fördrag = international treaties = kansainväliset sopimukset
* multinationella bolag = transnational corporations (TNC) = monikansalliset yritykset
* nationell lagstiftning = national legislation = kansallinen lainsäädäntö
* NGO = NGO = NGO
* rätt till undervisning = right to education = oikeus opetukseen
* ILO = ILo = ILO
* u-länder = developing countries = kehitysmaat
* UNICEf = UNICEF = UNICEF
* ICJ = iCJ = ICJ
* GATT/WTO = GATT/WTO = GATT/WTO
* NAFTA = NAFTA = NAFTA
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes

NOTE (GENERAL): CRC; Convention concerning minimum age for admission to employment (ILO convention 138); Convention fixing the minimum age for admission of children to industrial employment (ILO convention no. 5 and 59);

LIBRARY LOCATION: ÅAB, HeinOnline Law Journal Library

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

A note on the judgment of the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia on the issuance of Subpoenae Duces Tecum in the Blaskic case / Malanczuk, Peter

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: Yearbook of international humanitarian law [YIHL] : volume 1 : 1998, p. 229-244. - Hague : T.M.C. Asser Instituut, 1998. - ISSN 1389-1359

ISBN 90-6704-107-6

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* internationella tribunalen för krigsförbrytelser = international tribunal on war crimes (ICTY) = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* Säkerhetsrådet = Security Council = Turvallisuusneuvosto
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Former Yugoslavia / Croatia

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a monograph

Part IV : Fundamental concepts of international law /

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: International law : theory and practice : essays in honour of Eric Suy / Wellens, K. (ed.), p. 223-274. - Hague : Martinus Nijhoff publ., 1998.

ISBN 90-411-0582-4

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: The articles are:. 1. G. Abi-saab : Some thoughts on the principle of non-intervention. 2. B. Graefrath : International crimes and collective security. 3. C. Tomuschat : International crimes by states : an endangered species?

INDEX WORDS:
* non-intervention = non-intervention = puuttumattomuusperiaate
* internationella brott = international crimes = kansainväliset rikkomukset
* PCIJ = PCIJ = PCIJ
* rådgivande yttrande = advisory opinion = neuvoa-antava mielipide
* användning av maktmedel = use of force = voimakeinojen käyttö
* kollektiv säkerhet = collective security = kollektiivinen turvallisuus
* statsansvar = state responsibility = valtiovastuu
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* specialrapportör = special rapporteur = erityisraportoija
* Säkerhetsrådet = Security Council = Turvallisuusneuvosto
* resolutioner = resolutions = päätöslauselmat
* sanktioner = sanctions = pakotteet
* motåtgärder = countermeasures = vastatoimet

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter; Declaration on friendly relations; Covenant of the League of Nations; ILC Draft code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind; Vienna Convention on the law of treaties; Draft convention on state responsibility;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a monograph

Part VI : The law of the European Union /

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: International law : theory and practice : essays in honour of Eric Suy / Wellens, K. (ed.), p. 395-466. - Hague : Martinus Nijhoff publ., 1998.

ISBN 90-411-0582-4

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: The articles are:. 1. R. Blanpain : Employment and labour law : the European Union. 2. H. F. Köck : On the unity of European law. European law as a separate body of law and as an independent subject of legal doctrine. 3. K. Lenaerts/E. de Smijter : The United Nations and the European Union : living apart together. 4. K. M. Meessen : The integrationist paradox case for the introduction of a single European currency.

INDEX WORDS:
* EU = EU = EU
* arbetsrätt = labour law = työoikeus
* arbetslöshet = unemployment = työttömyys
* u-länder = developing countries = kehitysmaat
* rätt till arbete = right to work = oikeus työhön
* socialpolitik = social policy = sosiaalipolitiikka
* ECJ = ECJ = ECJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* sociala dimensionen = social dimension = sosiaalinen ulottuvuus
* fackföreningar = trade unions = ammattiyhdistykset
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* EMU = EMU = EMU
* social dumpning = social dumping = sosiaaliturvan purkaminen
* autonomi = autonomy = autonomia
* OSSE = OSCE = ETYJ
* WEU = WEU = WEU
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* FN = UN = YK
* CFSP = CFSP = YUTP
* implementering = implementation = toteuttaminen
* FAO = FAO = FAO
* WTO = WTO =

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter; SEA; Maastricht protocol on social policy; Social charter;

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a monograph

Part VII : The productive function of international law /

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: International law : theory and practice : essays in honour of Eric Suy / Wellens, K. (ed.), p. 467-504. - Hague : Martinus Nijhoff publ., 1998.

ISBN 90-411-0582-4

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: The articles are:. 1. M.H. Arsanjani/W.M. Reismann : The quest for an international liability regimes for the protection of the global commons. 2. M. Bossuyt : United Nations human rights procedures regarding Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire (1994-1997). 3. Y. Dinstein : Diplomatic protection of companies under international law. 4. H. Gros Espiell : The common heritage of mankind and the human genome. 5. D. Thürer : Protection of minorities in general international law and in international humanitarian law. 6. H. van Houtte : The Property Claims Commission in Bosnia-Herzegovina : a new path to restore real estate rights in post-war societies? 7. R. Wolfrum : Liability for environmental damage : a menas to enforce environmental standards.

INDEX WORDS:
* miljöskydd = environmental protection = ympäristönsuojelu
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* internationella brott = international crimes = kansainväliset rikkomukset
* rätt till en sund miljö = right to environmental quality = oikeus puhtaaseen ympäristöön
* minoritetsgrupper = minority groups = vähemmistöryhmät
* språkliga minoriteter = linguistic minorities = kielivähemmistöt
* nationella minoriteter = national minorities = kansalliset vähemmistöt
* icke-diskriminering = non-discrimination = syrjintäkielto
* HCNM = HCNM = HCNM
* mänsklig dimension = human dimension = inhimillinen ulottuvuus
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* OSSE = OSCE = ETYJ
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* flyktingar = refugees = pakolaiset
* europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna = European Court of Human Rights = Euroopan ihmisoikeustuomioistuin
* specialrapportör = special rapporteur = erityisraportoija
* immunitet = immunity = koskemattomuus
* PCIJ = PCIJ = PCIJ
* högkommissarie för mänskliga rättigheter = HCHR = ihmisoikeusvaltuutettu
* tvångsförflyttade personer = displaced persons = hätäsiirtolaiset
* implementering = implementation = toteuttaminen

NOTE (GENERAL): Convention on the law of the sea; Convention on the protection of the ozone layer; UDHR; Convention concerning indigenous and tribal peoples in independent countries, [ILO convention 169]; ICCPR-27; Framework convention for the protection of national minorities; Declaration on the rights of minorities; Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions;